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新型无线通信技术 [复制链接]

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注册:2007-9-25
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发表于 2008-4-15 15:32:00 |只看该作者 |倒序浏览
<p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><strong><span style="COLOR: #d6181e; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">新型无线通信技术</span></strong></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <b><span lang="EN-US">1</span>、引言</b><span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  随着通信技术的快速发展,短距离无线通信技术已经成为通信技术中的一大热点。各种网络终端的出现、工业控制的自动化和家庭的智能化等都迫切需要一种具备低成本、近距离、低功耗、组网能力强等优点的无线互联标准,<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>就是在这样的背景下应运而生的。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>联盟成立于<span lang="EN-US">2001</span>年<span lang="EN-US">8</span>月。<span lang="EN-US">2002</span>年下半年,英国<span lang="EN-US">Invensys</span>公司、日本三菱电气公司、美国摩托罗拉公司和荷兰飞利浦半导体公司共同宣布,将加盟<span lang="EN-US">“Zigbee</span>联盟<span lang="EN-US">”</span>来研发下一代无线通信标准<span lang="EN-US">“Zigbee”</span>。这一标准主要用于近距离无线连接,适合承载数据流量较小的工业控制、医用设备控制、汽车自动化、农业自动化和消费性电子设备等。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <b><span lang="EN-US">2</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>技术</b><span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  (<span lang="EN-US">1</span>)<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>与<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4 <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>是基于<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>无线标准研制开发的关于组网、安全和应用软件等方面的技术标准。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>技术并不是完全独立、全新的标准,它的物理层、<span lang="EN-US">MAC</span>层采用了<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>协议标准。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>标准是由<span lang="EN-US">IEEE</span>无线个人局域网(<span lang="EN-US">AN</span>)工作组制定的。这一标准旨在为低能耗的简单设备提供有效覆盖范围在<chmetcnv wst="on" unitname="m" sourcevalue="10" hasspace="True" negative="False" numbertype="1" tcsc="0"><span lang="EN-US">10 m</span></chmetcnv>左右的低速率连接,可广泛用于交互玩具、库存跟踪监测等应用领域。<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>工作在工业科学医疗(<span lang="EN-US">ISM</span>)频段,定义了两个物理层,即<span lang="EN-US">2.4 GHz</span>频段物理层和<span lang="EN-US">868 MHz</span>(欧洲)<span lang="EN-US">/915 MHz</span>(北美)频段物理层。在<span lang="EN-US">802.15.4</span>标准中,总共分配了<span lang="EN-US">27</span>个具有三种速率的信道:在<span lang="EN-US">2.4 GHz</span>频段有<span lang="EN-US">16</span>个速率为<span lang="EN-US">250 kbit/s</span>的信道,在<span lang="EN-US">915 MHz</span>频段有<span lang="EN-US">10</span>个<span lang="EN-US">40 kbit/s</span>的信道,在<span lang="EN-US">868 MHz</span>频段有<span lang="EN-US">1</span>个<span lang="EN-US">20 kbit/s</span>的信道。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>联盟在<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>物理层、<span lang="EN-US">MAC</span>层的基础上,对其网络层协议和应用程序接口(<span lang="EN-US">API</span>)进行了标准化,并对安全层进行了开发。完整的<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>协议套件由高层应用规范、应用会聚层、网络层、数据链路层和物理层组成。应用汇聚层是把不同的应用映射到<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>网络上,主要包括安全属性设置和多个业务数据流的汇聚等功能;网络层则可实现网络的自组织和自维护,从而降低了网络的维护成本。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>协议构架如图<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><shapetype id="_x0000_t75" stroked="f" filled="f" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" opreferrelative="t" ospt="75" coordsize="21600,21600"><stroke joinstyle="miter"></stroke><formulas><f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"></f><f eqn="sum @0 1 0"></f><f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"></f><f eqn="prod @2 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @0 0 1"></f><f eqn="prod @6 1 2"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"></f><f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"></f><f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"></f><f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"></f></formulas><path oconnecttype="rect" gradientshapeok="t" oextrusionok="f"></path><lock aspectratio="t" vext="edit"></lock></shapetype><shape id="_x0000_i1025" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 225pt; HEIGHT: 198.75pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://www.chinaunicom.com.cn/upload/20070528022553216.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image001.jpg"></imagedata></shape><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">图<span lang="EN-US">1</span> <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>协议构架<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  (<span lang="EN-US">2</span>)<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的特点<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>技术在短距离无线通信领域有着较大的优势,这主要是它的自身特点决定的。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的特点如下。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">低功耗:在低功耗待机状态下,两节五号干电池可使用<span lang="EN-US">6</span>~<span lang="EN-US">24</span>个月,从而免去了充电或者频繁更换电池的麻烦。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">短时延:<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的响应速度快,一般从休眠转入工作状态只需要<span lang="EN-US">15 ms</span>,节点接入网络只需<span lang="EN-US">30 ms</span>,进一步节省了电能。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">低速率:<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>工作在<span lang="EN-US">20</span>~<span lang="EN-US">250 kbit/s</span>的较低速率,满足低速率数据传输的要求。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">近距离:有效覆盖范围为<span lang="EN-US">10</span>~<span lang="EN-US">100 m</span>,基本上能够覆盖普通的家庭或办公室环境。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">低成本:<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>简单而紧凑的协议降低了其对通信控制的要求,而且<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>免协议专利费。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">大容量:<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>可采用星状、片状和网状网络结构,最多可组成<span lang="EN-US">65 000</span>个节点的大网。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">高安全性:<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>提供了数据完整性检查和鉴权能力,采用<span lang="EN-US">AES-128</span>加密算法。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="FONT: 7pt &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">免执照频段:采用直接序列扩频在工业科学医疗(<span lang="EN-US">ISM</span>)频段,<span lang="EN-US">2.4 GHz</span>(全球)、<span lang="EN-US">915 MHz</span>(美国)、<span lang="EN-US">868 MHz</span>(欧洲)。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  (<span lang="EN-US">3</span>)<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>与蓝牙技术的比较<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Bluetooth</span>(蓝牙)技术是一种无线数据与通信的开放性标准,它基本上只是设计作为有线的替代品。蓝牙也工作在<span lang="EN-US">2.4GHz ISM</span>频段,使用跳频频谱扩展技术。它可以在不充电的情况下工作几周,但无法工作几个月,更不可能达到几年。一般情况下,蓝牙同一时间只能处理<span lang="EN-US">8</span>个设备,如果更多的话,通信速率将显著下降。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  蓝牙技术和<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>都致力于短距离无线连接,有很多相似之处,但也有很多不同点。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>与蓝牙的特征比较如表<span lang="EN-US">1</span>所示。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;"><shape id="_x0000_i1026" alt="" type="#_x0000_t75" style="WIDTH: 300pt; HEIGHT: 231.75pt;"><imagedata ohref="http://www.chinaunicom.com.cn/upload/20070528022532462.jpg" src="file:///C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtml1\01\clip_image002.jpg"></imagedata></shape><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">表<span lang="EN-US">1</span> <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>与<span lang="EN-US">Bluetooth</span>特征比较<span lang="EN-US">&nbsp;<p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  由表<span lang="EN-US">1</span>我们可以清楚地看到<span lang="EN-US">Bluetooth</span>技术集中在<span lang="EN-US">1 Mbit/s</span>以上的速率,而且在能量持续时间、节点数以及反应时间等方面都无法与<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>相比拟。可以说<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>填补了低速率端无线通信技术的空缺,而且它与其他标准在应用上几乎是无交叉的,这使得<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>在工业控制、无线传感器网络等领域中比<span lang="EN-US">Bluetooth</span>更具有优势。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <b><span lang="EN-US">3</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的高节能性</b><span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>之所以得到众多厂商的大力支持,其低功耗特性是主要原因之一。对电池供电的简单器件而言,更换电池的花费往往比器件本身的成本还要高。在有些应用中,更换电池不仅麻烦,而且实际上是不可行的,如嵌在汽车轮胎中的气压传感器或高密度布设的大规模传感器网络。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  由于<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>应用的低带宽要求,<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>节点可以在大部分时间内处于睡眠状态,以节省电池能量。当需要发送数据时,节点将被快速唤醒并进入发送数据状态,结束发送后又会转入睡眠状态。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>可以在<span lang="EN-US">15ms</span>或更短的时间内由睡眠状态进入工作状态,因此即使处于睡眠状态的节点也能做到低时延。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>强大的节能性大部分应归功于<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>技术,因为后者本身就是为低功率而设计的。例如,<span lang="EN-US">IEEE802.15.4</span>采用<span lang="EN-US">DSSS</span>(直接序列扩频)技术取代<span lang="EN-US">FHSS</span>(跳频频谱扩展)技术,因为跳频频谱扩展技术为了保持同步跳频会消耗较多的功率。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>采用一种<span lang="EN-US">“</span>准备好才发送<span lang="EN-US">”</span>的通信策略,它只在有数据要发送时才发送数据,然后再等待自动确认。<span lang="EN-US">“</span>准备好才发送<span lang="EN-US">”</span>是一种<span lang="EN-US">“</span>面对面<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式的方案,是一种能量效率非常高的方案。而且,这种<span lang="EN-US">“</span>面对面<span lang="EN-US">”</span>式策略使得射频干扰非常低,这主要是由于<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>节点具有非常低的占空比,只偶尔发射信号且只发送少量的数据。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  不过,<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的<span lang="EN-US">“</span>准备好才发送<span lang="EN-US">”</span>方案并不是万能的。例如,在一个由成千上万个微型传感器构成的网络中,这种方案节省的能量可能仍不够用。由于每个网络节点都定期发送数据,而且数据必须经过附近其他的节点多次反复传送才能到达网络控制器,大量的数据包冲突和重复传送会浪费能量,这样就会缩短传感器节点的电池寿命。如果传感器电池非常小并且能量有限的话,就不能满足系统供电的要求。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  但<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>仍有更多的节能设计。它通过减少对相关处理的需要来进一步节省能量。<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>协议栈非常简单,占用很少的内存,一个<span lang="EN-US">8</span>位处理器就可以轻松地完成<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的任务,例如一个功能强大的全功能设备(<span lang="EN-US">Full Function Device</span>,<span lang="EN-US">FFD</span>)需要大约<span lang="EN-US">32 KB</span>内存,而一个精简功能设备(<span lang="EN-US">Reduced Function Device</span>,<span lang="EN-US">RFD</span>)只需要<span lang="EN-US">4 KB</span>内存。而蓝牙技术则需要约<span lang="EN-US">250 KB</span>的内存,<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>相对简单地实现也节省了费用。<span lang="EN-US"><p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <b><span lang="EN-US">4</span>、<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>技术的应用前景</b><span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的出发点是要发展一种容易建设的低成本无线网络。依据<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>联盟和参与联盟的主要厂商的基本设想,产品应提供一站式的解决方案,使不熟悉<span lang="EN-US">RF</span>技术的人员也能迅速上手。因此其产品不仅提供<span lang="EN-US">RF</span>的无线信道解决方案,同时其内置的协议栈可完成<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>的通信、组网等无线沟通方面的工作,用户只需要根据协议提供的标准接口进行应用软件编程即可。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 15.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体;">  <span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>主要应用于距离短、数据传输速率不高的各种电子设备之间。通常,符合下列条件的应用都可以考虑采用<span lang="EN-US">Zigbee</span>技术:设备距离短;设备成本低、数据传输量小;设备体积小,没有充足的电力支持;需要覆盖的范围较大,网络内需要容纳的设备较多;网络主要用于监测或控制。例如,<span lang="EN-US">C</span>外设(鼠标、键盘、游戏操控杆等)、消费类电子设备(<span lang="EN-US">VCR</span>、<span lang="EN-US">DVD</span>等设备的遥控装置)、家庭智能控制(照明、煤气计量和报警等)、玩具、医疗护理和工业控制等领域。<span lang="EN-US">
                                <p></p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></p></span></p>

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