通信人家园
标题:
造成光纤衰减的多种原因
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时间:
2007-12-19 02:59
作者:
lily6189
标题:
造成光纤衰减的多种原因
<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><font size="3"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: '';">造成光纤衰减的多种原因</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: "";"><p></p></span></b></font></font></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、造成光纤衰减的主要因素有:本征,弯曲,挤压,杂质,不均匀和对接等。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">本征:是光纤的固有损耗,包括:瑞利散射,固有吸收等。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">弯曲:光纤弯曲时部分光纤内的光会因散射而损失掉,造成损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">挤压:光纤受到挤压时产生微小的弯曲而造成的损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">杂质:光纤内杂质吸收和散射在光纤中传播的光,造成的损失。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">不均匀:光纤材料的折射率不均匀造成的损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">对接:光纤对接时产生的损耗,如:不同轴</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">(</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">单模光纤同轴度要求小于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">,端面与轴心不垂直,端面不平,对接心径不匹配和熔接质量差等。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
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</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">当光从光纤的一端射入,从另一端射出时,光的强度会减弱。这意味着光信号通过光纤传播后,光能量衰减了一部分。这说明光纤中有某些物质或因某种原因,阻挡光信号通过。这就是光纤的传输损耗。只有降低光纤损耗,才能使光信号畅通无阻。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、光纤损耗的分类</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 光纤损耗大致可分为光纤具有的固有损耗以及光纤制成后由使用条件造成的附加损</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">耗。具体细分如下:</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 光纤损耗可分为固有损耗和附加损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 固有损耗包括散射损耗、吸收损耗和因光纤结构不完善引起的损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 附加损耗则包括微弯损耗、弯曲损耗和接续损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">其中,附加损耗是在光纤的铺设过程中人为造成的。在实际应用中,不可避免地要将光纤一根接一根地接起来,光纤连接会产生损耗。光纤微小弯曲、挤压、拉伸受力也会引起损耗。这些都是光纤使用条件引起的损耗。究其主要原因是在这些条件下,光纤纤芯中的传输模式发生了变化。附加损耗是可以尽量避免的。下面,我们只讨论光纤的固有损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 固有损耗中,散射损耗和吸收损耗是由光纤材料本身的特性决定的,在不同的工作波长下引起的固有损耗也不同。搞清楚产生损耗的机理,定量地分析各种因素引起的损耗的大小,对于研制低损耗光纤合理使用光纤有着极其重要的意义。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、材料的吸收损耗</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 制造光纤的材料能够吸收光能。光纤材料中的粒子吸收光能以后,产生振动、发热,而将能量散失掉,这样就产生了吸收损耗。我们知道,物质是由原子、分子构成的,而原子又由原子核和核外电子组成,电子以一定的轨道围绕原子核旋转。这就像我们生活的地球以及金星、火星等行星都围绕太阳旋转一样,每一个电子都具有一定的能量,处在某一轨道上,或者说每一轨道都有一个确定的能级。距原子核近的轨道能级较低,距原子核越远的轨道能级越高。轨道之间的这种能级差别的大小就叫能级差。当电子从低能级向高能级跃迁时,就要吸收相应级别的能级差的能量。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 在光纤中,当某一能级的电子受到与该能级差相对应的波长的光照射时,则位于低能级轨道上的电子将跃迁到能级高的轨道上。这一电子吸收了光能,就产生了光的吸收损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 制造光纤的基本材料二氧化硅(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">SiO2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">)本身就吸收光,一个叫紫外吸收,另外一个叫红外吸收。目前光纤通信一般仅工作在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长区,因此我们只讨论这一工作区的损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 石英玻璃中电子跃迁产生的吸收峰在紫外区的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长左右。随着波长增大,其吸收作用逐渐减小,但影响区域很宽,直到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">以上的波长。不过,紫外吸收对在红外区工作的石英光纤的影响不大。例如,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.6</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长的可见光区,紫外吸收可达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1dB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长时降到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.3dB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">,而在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长时,大约只有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.ldB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 石英光纤的红外吸收损耗是由红外区材料的分子振动产生的。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">以上波段有几个振动吸收峰。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 由于受光纤中各种掺杂元素的影响,石英光纤在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">以上的波段不可能出现低损耗窗口,在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.85</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长的理论极限损耗为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">ldB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">/</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 通过研究,还发现石英玻璃中有一些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">破坏分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">在捣乱,主要是一些有害过渡金属杂质,如铜、铁、铬、锰等。这些</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">坏蛋</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">在光照射下,贪婪地吸收光能,乱蹦乱跳,造成了光能的损失。清除</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">捣乱分子</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">,对制造光纤的材料进行格的化学提纯,就可以大大降低损耗。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 石英光纤中的另一个吸收源是氢氧根(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">OH</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">ˉ)</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">期的研究,人们发现氢氧根在光纤工作波段上有三个吸收峰,它们分别是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.95</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.24</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">和</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.38</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">,其中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.38</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长的吸收损耗最为严重,对光纤的影响也最大。在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">1.38</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">μ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">波长,含量仅占</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">0.0001</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">的氢氧根产生的吸收峰损耗就高达</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">33dB/km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 这些氢氧根是从哪里来的呢?氢氧根的来源很多,一是制造光纤的材料中有水分和氢氧化合物,这些氢氧化合物在原料提纯过程中不易被清除掉,最后仍以氢氧根的形式残留在光纤中;二是制造光纤的氢氧物中含有少量的水分;三是光纤的制造过程中因化学反应而生成了水;四是外界空气的进入带来了水蒸气。然而,现在的制造工艺已经发展到了相当高的水平,氢氧根的含量已经降到了足够低的程度,它对光纤的影响可以忽略不计了。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、散射损耗</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 在黑夜里,用手电筒向空中照射,可以看到一束光柱。人们也曾看到过夜空中探照灯发出粗大光柱。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 那么,为什么我们会看见这些光柱呢?这是因为有许多烟雾、灰尘等微小颗粒浮游于大气之中,光照射在这些颗粒上,产生了散射,就射向了四面八方。这个现象是由瑞利最先发现的,所以人们把这种散射命名为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">瑞利散射</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 散射是怎样产生的呢?原来组成物质的分子、原子、电子等微小粒子是以某些固有频率进行振动的,并能释放出波长与该振动频率相应的光。粒子的振动频率由粒子的大小来决定。粒子越大,振动频率越低,释放出的光的波长越长;粒子越小,振动频率越高,释放出的光的波长越短。这种振动频率称做粒子的固有振动频率。但是这种振动并不是自行产生,它需要一定的能量。一旦粒子受到具有一定波长的光照射,而照射光的频率与该粒子固有振动频率相同,就会引起共振。粒子内的电子便以该振动频率开始振动,结果是该粒子向四面八方散射出光,入射光的能量被吸收而转化为粒子的能量,粒子又将能量重新以光能的形式射出去。因此,对于在外部观察的人来说,看到的好像是光撞到粒子以后,向四面八方飞散出去了。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">光纤内也有瑞利散射,由此而产生的光损耗就称为瑞利散射损耗。鉴于目前的光纤制造工艺水平,可以说瑞利散射损耗是无法避免的。但是,由于瑞利散射损耗的大小与光波长的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">4</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">次方成反比,所以光纤工作在长波长区时,瑞利散射损耗的影响可以大大减小。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">、先天不足,爱莫能助</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 光纤结构不完善,如由光纤中有气泡、杂质,或者粗细不均匀,特别是芯</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">-</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";">包层交界面不平滑等,光线传到这些地方时,就会有一部分光散射到各个方向,造成损耗。这种损耗是可以想办法克服的,那就是要改善光纤制造的工艺。</span></font><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">
<br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ""; mso-hansi-font-family: "";"> 散射使光射向四面八方,其中有一部分散射光沿着与光纤传播相反的方向反射回来,在光纤的入射端可接收到这部分散射光。光的散射使得一部分光能受到损失,这是人们所不希望的。但是,这种现象也可以为我们所利用,因为如果我们在发送端对接收到的这部分光的强弱进行分析,可以检查出这根光纤的断点、缺陷和损耗大小。这样,通过人的聪明才智,就把坏事变成了好事</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";">.<p></p></span></font></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: "";"><p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></p></span></p>
时间:
2007-12-19 02:59
作者:
lily6189
<p style="mso-line-height-alt: 13.5pt;"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">光纤的损耗</span></b><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">近年来,光纤通信在许多领域得到了广泛的应用。实现光纤通信,一个重要的问题是尽可能地降低光纤的损耗。所谓损耗是指光纤每单位长度上的衰减,单位为</span></font><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">dB</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">/</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">km</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">。光纤损耗的高低直接影响传输距离或中继站间隔距离的远近,因此,了解并降低光纤的损耗对光纤通信有着重大的现实意义。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">一、</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">光纤的吸收损耗</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman"> 这是由于光纤材料和杂质对光能的吸收而引起的,它们把光能以热能的形式消耗于光纤中,是光纤损耗中重要的损耗,吸收损耗包括以下几种:</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><br/>1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">.物质本征吸收损耗</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">这是由于物质固有的吸收引起的损耗。它有两个频带,一个在近红外的</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">8</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">~</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">12</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">μ</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">区域里,这个波段的本征吸收是由于振动。另一个物质固有吸收带在紫外波段,吸收很强时,它的尾巴会拖到</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">0.7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">~</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1.1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">μ</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">波段里去。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><br/>2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">.掺杂剂和杂质离子引起的吸收损耗</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">光纤材料中含有跃迁金属如铁、铜、铬等,它们有各自的吸收峰和吸收带并随它们价态不同而不同。由跃迁金属离子吸收引起的光纤损耗取决于它们的浓度。另外,</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">OH</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">-存在也产生吸收损耗,</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">OH</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">-的基本吸收极峰在</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">2.7</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">μ</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">附近,吸收带在</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">0.5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">~</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">1.0</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">μ</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">m</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">范围。对于纯石英光纤,杂质引起的损耗影响可以不考虑。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><br/>3</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">.原子缺陷吸收损耗</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">光纤材料由于受热或强烈的辐射,它会受激而产生原子的缺陷,造成对光的吸收,产生损耗,但一般情况下这种影响很小。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">二、光纤的散射损耗</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman"> 光纤内部的散射,会减小传输的功率,产生损耗。散射中最重要的是瑞利散射,它是由光纤材料内部的密度和成份变化而引起的。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;"><br/></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">光纤材料在加热过程中,由于热骚动,使原子得到的压缩性不均匀,使物质的密度不均匀,进而使折射率不均匀。这种不均匀在冷却过程中被固定下来,它的尺寸比光波波长要小。光在传输时遇到这些比光波波长小,带有随机起伏的不均匀物质时,改变了传输方向,产生散射,引起损耗。另外,光纤中含有的氧化物浓度不均匀以及掺杂不均匀也会引起散射,产生损耗。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">三、波导散射损耗</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman"> 这是由于交界面随机的畸变或粗糙所产生的散射,实际上它是由表面畸变或粗糙所引起的模式转换或模式耦合。一种模式由于交界面的起伏,会产生其他传输模式和辐射模式。由于在光纤中传输的各种模式衰减不同,在长距离的模式变换过程中,衰减小的模式变成衰减大的模式,连续的变换和反变换后,虽然各模式的损失会平衡起来,但模式总体产生额外的损耗,即由于模式的转换产生了附加损耗,这种附加的损耗就是波导散射损耗。要降低这种损耗,就要提高光纤制造工艺。对于拉得好或质量高的光纤,基本上可以忽略这种损耗。</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 13.5pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"><font face="Times New Roman">四、光纤弯曲产生的辐射损耗</font></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">
<p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;"> 光纤是柔软的,可以弯曲,可是弯曲到一定程度后,光纤虽然可以导光,但会使光的传输途径改变。由传输模转换为辐射模,使一部分光能渗透到包层中或穿过包层成为辐射模向外泄漏损失掉,从而产生损耗。当弯曲半径大于</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">5</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">~</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial;">10cm</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">时,由弯曲造成的损耗可以忽略。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: black;"><p></p></span></p>
时间:
2007-12-19 08:21
作者:
服务生
不错的归纳!
时间:
2007-12-19 08:42
作者:
7717914
学习了
时间:
2007-12-19 09:13
作者:
caballero
谢谢谢谢
时间:
2007-12-19 09:30
作者:
nm_steven
学习!
时间:
2008-1-2 11:55
作者:
1239h1239
<p>分类都清楚```下面解释的不错!</p>
时间:
2008-1-4 14:04
作者:
無智
不错不错!很全面的总结!
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